“Intersex Genital Mutilations as a Harmful Practice”: Briefing for the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Geneva 21.01.2015

Zwischengeschlecht.org on Facebook >>> CRC-Briefing: Referenced PDF (3.14 MB)

The aim of the briefing was to argue the case for recognising IGMs as a harmful practice and to promote the development of a holistic framework to eliminate all IGM practices. For the first goal we can claim a success so far with the Q&A on Intersex during the Committee’s 68th session initiated by the CRC chair, criticising early intersex surgeries as a “harmful practice” and urging Switzerland to discuss legislation.

The web version of the briefing (>>> PDF 3.14 MB) includes references and annotation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • IGM: A Survivor’s Perspective
  • Intersex Movement History
  • Intersex is NOT THE SAME as LGBT
  • What are IGM Practices?
  • Variations of Sex Anatomy
  • IGM 1 – “Masculinising” Surgeries
  • IGM 2 – “Feminising” Surgeries
  • IGM 3 – Sterilising Procedures
  • Overview: Further IGM Practices
  • How Common is IGM?
  • Countries with Less Access to Paediatric Surgery
  • IGM: Historical Overview
  • IGM: Human Rights Perspectives
  • Conclusion: IGM as a Harmful Practice

The call for the development of a holistic policy to eliminate all IGM practices (slide 61)

>>> Reporting live from the 68th CRC Session in Geneva, 20–21 January 2015

>>> 2015: CRC condems IGM as “Harmful Practice” and “Violence on Children”

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview  What is Intersex?  How Common are IGMs?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

Geneva > Chair of UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Criticises Early Intersex Surgery Criticised as “Harmful Practice”, Calls for Legislation | IGM-Briefing + Session Videos + Transcript

>>> CRC-Briefing “IGMs On A Global Scale”: Referenced PDF (3.19 MB)
>>> Transcript entire Intersex Q&A   >>> All Videos CRC 68th Session Switzerland

Kirsten Sandberg (center) chairing the session, on the right: Swiss Gov Representatives

Zwischengeschlecht.org on Facebook

StopIGM.org reporting live from the 68th Session of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) at Palais Wilson in Geneva:

STOP Intersex Genital Mutilation!The periodic review of Switzerland regarding the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on 21–22 January 2014 marked the first time that the Committe touched upon the topic of IGM practices. After having received two more NGO reports broaching the issue in the wake of Switzerland’s replies to the Committe’s List of Issues (LoI), one by Child Rights Netwok Switzerland as well as another thematic report by Zwischengeschlecht.org (endorsed by Swiss Self-Help Groups Intersex.ch and SI Intersexualität, and Women’s Rights NGO Terre des Femmes Switzerland), the Committe had issued a rare invitation to Zwischengeschlecht.org for a one hour Briefing on “Intersex Genital Mutilations on a Global Scale”  (>>> PDF 3.19 MB), which was also attended by representatives of the Committe on the Rights of People with Disabilites (CRPD) and the Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR).

The briefing offered an overview on IGM practices and their histoy as well as a survivor’s perspective and an introduction to 22 years of Intersex Activism, arguing the case for recognising IGMs as a harmful practice and developing a holistic framework to eliminate all relevant non-consensual unnecessary interventions. (>>> PDF 3.19 MB) Taking place in the same conference room just before the start of the review of Switzerland, the briefing went rather well and attracted many productive questions.

What’s more, during the following review, at the very end of the first round of questions, the chair of the Committee, Kirsten Sandberg broached the topic, criticising early intersex surgery as a “harmful practice”, and asked if Switzerland was aware of the ongoing non-consensual interventions which obviously were “not in the best interest of the children concerned”, and if the state party was willing to initiate discussions about legislation to stop them?

Replying for the state party the next day, Debora Gianinazzi of the Swiss Federal Department of Justice and Police (Private Law Division) from our perspective talked much but said little. Also the usual tendency of reducing the serious human rights implications of IGMs to gender-related aspects (while ignoring e.g. bodily integrity) was showing, for example when she claimed intersex surgery had lead to stark criticism “especially” when the “wrong gender” was assigned.

Nonetheless, the state party also made some quite remarkable announcements, for example that the Swiss Government would have taken the position of only allowing medically necessary surgeries first, with the Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics (NEK-CNE) in their groundbreaking 2012 recommendations merely having rallied to the Gov’s position after the fact. Furthermore, on the order of the Gov, the Federal Office of Statistics and the Federal Office of Public Health would already collaborate to facilitate data collection (though obviously without consultation of intersex organsiations). When last commenting on data collection, the Gov repeatedly claimed it was impossible and “not advisable” to collect such data (as referenced in our 2014 CRC NGO Report, p. 46).

However, on the main topics of actively discussing legislation or even taking practical steps to prevent further unnecessary surgeries, as well as regarding the implementation of the recommendations of the NEK-CNE, the silence was deafening.

Fortunately, this concern was also voiced in a concluding remark by chair Kirsten Sandberg, noting the reaction of the Gov so far would not seem strong enough considering the ongoing surgeries.

So we’re hopeful the Committe will issue strong Concluding Observations (due to be published on 4 February)!

Update 29.01.2015: The videos of the entire review (including the Q&A on IGMs) have now been made available online by ChildRightsConnect (Thanks!).
Update 31.01.2015: A transcript of the entire intersex Q&A is now available!
Update 03.02.2015: Intersex and the UN – Why is the CRC Intersex Q&A so important?
Update 04.02.215: “Harmful Practice” + “Violence against Children”: Historic CRC Statement

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview  What is Intersex?  How Common are IGMs?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

Intersex Genital Mutilations: “An assault on children too young to consent” – From “Hypospadias Cripple” to “Failed Hypospadias”

>>> “Failed Hypospadias Repair” (PDF) [TRIGGER WARNING!!!] Revealing presentation by specialised surgeon Guido Barbagli (Arezzo, Italy) about a “growing industry”, catering to survivors of childhood cosmetic genital surgeries originally hailed as “triumphs” by feckless pedo-surgeons, but later “breaking down” as “natural evolution over time of hypospadias repair”, causing loss of sensation, lifelong pain and trouble.

>>> Hypospadias surgery: “an assault on children too young to give consent” (MailOnline 11.11.14) – Big kudos to the survivors speaking out bravely – and to MailOnline for bringing this up! However, beware of stigmatising language in the article – still a far cry, Mail! Also, will the “monitoring” announced by doctors really be anything more than just another cop-out for even more medically unnecessary, non-consensual “surgical repair”?

Zwischengeschlecht.org on Facebook

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview  What is Intersex?  How Common are IGMs?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

Intersex Solidarity Day 2014 – Vigils + Open Letter, Leipzig 08.11.2014

Peaceful Protest #3 vs. Intersex/D$D Guidelines + “Ja-Ped 2014” , Leipzig 08.11.2014

Thank you to all the 225 people and organisations who signed the Open Letter! Special thanks to everybody who forwarded/shared the call to sign – without you this impressive number would not have been possible! More photos from the peaceful rallies after the break:

Read moreIntersex Solidarity Day 2014 – Vigils + Open Letter, Leipzig 08.11.2014

Intersex Protests + Open Letter: Leipzig 7.-8.11. | Jena 9.11.2014

>>> Open Letter re: Intersex Guidelines (PDF, German)   >>> more Info

Peaceful Protest + Open Letter vs. “Ja-Ped 2011”, Berlin 11.11.2011   >>> more photos

STOP Intersex Genital Mutilation!Zwischengeschlecht.org on FacebookThis week, Leipzig University (Germany) will host the intersex mutilators’ congress “Ja-Ped 2014” which includes the annual meeting of the “German Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (DGKED)”.

Participating clinicians are not only the driving force behind the daily IGMs in German speaking children’s clinics, but also behind the current “improvement for the worse” of the mutilator’s AWMF guidelines “174/001 Disorders of Sex Development”, “015/052 Female Genital Malformations”, “027/019 Prenatal Therapy of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency”, “006/026 Hypospadias” and in 2015 “027/047 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia”.

Same goes for the Paediatric Surgery Jena at the University Clinic Jena-Lobeda.

StopIGM.org will facilitate 4 Peaceful Protests in Leipzig and Jena (>>> all the Dates), as well as an Open Letter to all medical societies participating in above listed guideline reviews (more here!).

Help reminding the perpetrators that it is NOT OK to mutilate defenceless children!

>>> Open Letter re: Intersex Guidelines (PDF, German)   >>> more Info

IGM Global, Inc – Why we are targeting Paediatric Endocrinologists
Paedo Endos: Preaching CAIS Castrations and Supposedly ‘High Cancer Risk’

Zwischengeschlecht.org on Facebook

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview  What is Intersex?  How Common are IGMs?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

See also:
Open Letter of Concern to ’53rd ESPE’ Dublin 2014
Open Letter of Concern to ‘4th WOFAPS’ Berlin 2013
Open Letter of Concern to ‘9th Joint Meeting’ (ESPE/LWPES) Milano 2013
Open Letter of Concern to ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ Glasgow 2013
Open Letter of Concern to ’51st Annual Meeting of ESPE’ Leipzig 2012
Open Letter of Concern to ’23rd ESPU’ Zurich 2012
Open Letter of Concern to ‘ISHID’ Live Genital Mutilators London 2011

Open Letter of Concern to ‘3rd EuroDSD Symposium’ Lübeck 2011
Open Letter of Concern to ’11th EMBL/EMBO Conference’ Heidelberg 2010

Selective Intersex Abortions: XXY 74%, Indeterminate Sex 47%, Hypospadias 2%

Zwischengeschlecht.org on Facebook Intersex: No Reckoning, No Reconciliation!Scientific “marvels” nazi-eugenicists could only dream of are widespread reality today – e.g. selective (late term) abortions of intersex foetuses “undesirable from an eugenics standpoint” (Hans Christian Naujoks 1934) because of “hereditary diseases due to abnormal predispositions, including hypospadias, pseudohermaphroditism, intersexuality, cryptorchidism and epispadias” (Baur, Fischer, Lenz 1936) – in exponentially growing rates thanks to prenatal testing. Nonetheless, public debate of such “eugenic indications” is found lacking, with occasional exceptions proving the rule mainly zeroing in on trisomy 21.

However, human rights apply to hermaphrodites too! Therefore, this blog documents some facts & figures on eugenic intersex terminations.

The following is a ranking mainly of Switzerland (although the sources used include figures from many more countries):

XXY / Klinefelter: 74% – CH Rank 3
A 2011 survey of over 20 regions, states and cities referenced and documented in the 2014 CRC Report (PDF 3.6 MB –> p. 76) finds Switzerland (74%) on rank 3, after Canada BC (88%) and Israel (85%), and followed by California and Denmark (70% each), Finland and the UK (66%) – with Germany (17%) at the rear end of the list:

“Intermediate sex”: 47% – CH Rank 2
The “Eurocat Registry (European registration of congenital abnormalities and twins”) provides data for a global registry, tellingly named “World Atlas of Birth Defects”. The current 2nd edition collects data from 1993-1998 e.g. on a rather obscure diagnosis called “Intermediate sex”, including a chart detailing termination figures and rates (PDF 13.9 MB –> p. 184). Zurich (Switzerland) shows an overall termination rate of 47%, and in 1998 scores second with 67%  – after Glasgow in Scotland (100%), and before Finland, Barcelona in Spain and Saxony-Anhalt in Germany 3rd (50% each). (Regarding the comparatively much lower figures it’s of importance to note that not all “intermediate sex” diagnoses can be made prenatally – often also after birth no specific genetic diagnosis can be determined.)

Hypospadias: 1.58% – CH Rank 2
The intersex diagnosis hypospadias is not included under “intermediate sex” in the already referenced “World Atlas of Birth Defects”, but listed seperately (same by the way as the intersex diagnosis XO “Turner Syndrome” in the “Eurocat Registry” ), again including a table of termination rates & figures (PDF 13.9 MB –> p. 178). Zurich (Switzerland) shows a termination rate of 1.58% for the period 1992-1998, and in 1995 scores rank 2 with 6.90%, after Barcelona (Spain) with 10%. #1 scores for the other years: 1993 Tomsk (Russia) 75%, 1994 Glasgow (Scotland) 12.50%; 1996 Antwerp (Belgium) 20.00%; 1997 Basque Country (Spain)  14.29%; 1998 Heinaut (Belgium) 5.56%. (Again, the rather low figures have to be put in context with the fact that at the moment hypospadias is pretty difficult to genetically test prenatally and also difficult to spot in ultrasound examinations.)

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview  What is Intersex?  How Common are IGMs?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

IGM on a Global Scale: 2015 Briefing for UN-CRC
• IGM: A Survivor’s Perspective • Intersex Movement History
• What are IGM Practices? • What are Variations of Sex Anatomy?
• IGM and Human Rights • Conclusion: IGM as a Harmful Practice
>>> Download PDF (3.14 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

Ending IGM: Dialogue with ESPE Representatives, Dublin 19.09.2014

Just before heading out to the informal meeting with ’53rd ESPE 2014′ representatives:
Claudia, Daniela, Markus, Gavan, Patrick, Richard (photo), and the Open Letter
with over a hundred additional signatories
, Dublin 19.09.2014.

Last year in Milano (Italy), our peaceful vigil was kindly approached by former ESPE secretary general and then ESPE president Francesco Chiarelli (Italy), who, after making sure we were behaving civilly, suggested we should ask for a meeting with ESPE representatives during the next annual meeting in Dublin. So after finally securing tickets to Ireland, we gladly took him up on his offer (PDF). Since Chiarelli was no longer serving ESPE in an official function, he kindly forwarded our communications to the current secretary general as well as to current Irish president Hilary Hoey, who involved representatives of ESPE’s DSD Working Group and kindly set up an informal half-hour meeting in a hotel bar near the Convention Centre, which took place on September 19th after lunch.

Partcipants were Hilary Hoey (ESPE President, Dean, Faculty of Paediatrics, RCPI, Ireland), S. Faisal Ahmed (ESPE DSD Working Group, DSDnet, I-DSD, Co-Signatory of Endocrinologists’ Letter to UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Scotland), Anna Nordenström (ESPE DSD Working Group, DSDnet, DSD-Life, Co-Signatory of Endocrinologists’ Letter to UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Sweden), and Daniela Truffer and Markus Bauer for Zwischengeschlecht.org / StopIGM.org, also handing in the hard copy of this year’s Open Letter to ESPE.

We thank ESPE for facilitating this dialogue at rather short notice. It’s noteworthy that, while as a result of our open letters we have been able to enter in a direct dialogue with several DSD clinics, this meeting marks the first time that a medical society rose to the occasion.

The following are Markus’s memory minutes of topics broached (not necessarily in sequence), which have been cross-read and OK’d by all participants:

Faisal Ahmed likened medicine to an oil tanker which can not make abrupt maneuvres and takes time to change directions. Both Faisal Ahmed and Anna Nordenström stressed that medicine is a part of society and cannot act outside societal expectations. Anna Nordenström brought up the example of Sweden rather unexpectedly no longer proscribing castration as a requirement for transsexuals to change gender in identity documents as an example how society can change. Regarding ESPE’s position on surgery, Faisal Ahmed referred to the endocrinologists’ letter to the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture.

Markus Bauer and Daniela Truffer stressed that non-consensual, medically unnecessary treatments of intersex children constitute serious human rights violations, as documented in the open letter, and that medicine should become more aware of human rights issues and its obligations under international law, which explicitly prohibits harmful practices justified by societal pressures. Also human rights are a vital part of society. Children are not the property of their parents to have them cut as they wish, they’re human beings with innate human rights, unlike for example a chair whose legs, if deemed too long, may be shortened by a saw at its owner’s desire. While UN bodies can also be likened to an oil tanker which may take time to reach travelling speed, human rights breaches by intersex treatments are currently being increasingly recognised across the board, with future increases in recognition to be expected.

Faisal Ahmed expressed discomfort with our protests outside medical congresses “painting all doctors with the same brush.” Markus Bauer conceded that, as long as medical societies as a whole continue to advocate early surgeries, this was a political tactic to increase pressure and provoke discussions among different medical factions, asking not to take it personally.

Faisal Ahmed brought up the DSDnet Working Group 4 he’s leading and which is tasked with ensuring consultation of intersex organisations, stressing how consultation is being increasingly recognised as important by doctors. He was impressed by the long list of signatories to the Open Letter, asking if we could represent these? Markus Bauer stressed that the intersex community is diverse and not a homogneous group, and that Zwischengeschlecht.org / StopIGM.org could not speak for other groups having signed the letter, and suggested DSDnet should organise a meeting inviting all groups to discuss e.g. a memorandum of understanding of issues relevant to DSDnet, and perhaps a delegation for further contact, like this DSDnet could ensure to have actual (and not only pro-forma) consultation, but still wouldn’t have to deal with dozens of individual groups all of the time. Also, while our group would welcome to be able to continue to participate a direct open dialogue, to avoid possible misunderstandings, this would not mean we would stop protesting peacefully. Faisal Ahmed agreed to stay in touch for further dialogue, and for us to make the intentions of DSDnet Working Group 4 known to other intersex organisations.

Hilary Hoey mentioned an actual case of 46,XX CAH in Ireland with complete virilisation incl. urethral opening at the tip of the penis, stating for her, and also for the parents, it would have been difficult letting this child grow up without surgery. Daniela Truffer cautioned that it is known that some of these children will later live as males, and that it’s not legitimate to have surgery on a child to address parents’ distress. Markus Bauer agreed that raising a child with atypical genitals is not always easy, and stressed the need for offering adequate psychosocial counseling for parents and persons concerned, and for health insurances to be able to cover for it, which, according to Hilary Hoey and Faisal Ahmed, in Ireland and the UK is not a problem. Markus Bauer asked Hilary Hoey how such children are treated in Ireland, referring to reports that they get transferred to UK clinics for surgery. Hilary Hoey replied also feminising surgeries were done in Ireland by two specialised paediatric surgeons.

>>> Open Letter to ESPE with 109 Signatories    >>> Flyer for the Rallies A4 (345 kb)
>>>
Photo Report: Peaceful Intersex Protest #1 kicking off, Dublin 18.09.2014
>>> Press Release 19.09. “Genital Mutilations in Irish Children’s Clinics Challenged”

>>> Press Release 10.09: “Intersex Genital Mutilations in Ireland: Info + Protests”

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview  What is Intersex?  How Common are IGMs?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

•  Intersex Awareness Day 2015
•  Intersex Awareness Day 2016
•  Intersex Awareness Day 2017
•  Intersex Awareness Day 2018
•  Intersex Awareness Day 2019
•  Intersex Awareness Day 2023

WHO, OHCHR, UNICEF + 4 More Condemn Intersex Sterilisations + IGM, Demand Apology + Redress!


click to enlarge!

Zwischengeschlecht.org on Facebook Hip, hip! Yet another victory for the movement to end Intersex Genital Mutilations!

The World Healt Organisation (WHO) together with the
– Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
– UN Women,
– UNAIDS, the
– United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the
– United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the
– United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
issued a ground-breaking Interagency Statement on
>>> “Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization”
.

It criticises in no uncertain terms not only castrations of intersex children, but also IGMs in general.

And it contains equally clear-cut demands of state and institutional bodies, including

  • Independent and impartial investigation of all incidents
  • Recognize past or present policies, patterns or practices, issue statements of regret or apology to victims
  • Collection of data and monitoring
  • Provide appropriate and humane notification to people concerned
  • Access, including through legal aid, to administrative and judicial redress

Markus Bauer and Daniela Truffer (Zwischengeschlecht.org / StopIGM.org) were consulted by the WHO for the interagency statement, together with representatives of other intersex organisations, including Anne Tamar-Mattis (Advocates for Informed Choice, USA) and Mauro Cabral (Argentinia). May similar explicit demands on all forms of IGMs be issued by ever more human rights bodies – and states forced to implement them! It’s still a long way to go …

After the break: Relevant excerpts from the interagency statement!

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview • What is Intersex? • How Common is IGM?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

>>> Download full WHO Interagency Statement on “Involuntary sterilization”

Read moreWHO, OHCHR, UNICEF + 4 More Condemn Intersex Sterilisations + IGM, Demand Apology + Redress!

PRESS RELEASE: Genital Mutilations in Irish Children’s Clinics Challenged by Survivors

600 hard copies of the Open Letter with 109 Signatures were distributed at both entrances

Zwischengeschlecht.org on FacebookPress Release by StopIGM.org, 19.09.2014:

At the very first Intersex Protests in Ireland in front of the Convention Centre Dublin, survivors of Intersex Genital Mutilations in Children’s Clinics are protesting doctors advocating medically unnecessary genital surgery on children born with variations of sex anatomy.

Today, they will hand in an Open Letter of Concern with 93 signatories from all continents to the doctors gathered for a three day international medical congress. The peaceful protests will continue until Saturday.

Intersex Genital Mutilations are serious human rights violations, criticised by the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, the Council of Europe, and several other human rights bodies. Nonetheless, IGMs are common in Ireland, and are performed regularly for example at Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, The National Children’s Hospital, Talaght, The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Cork University Hospital, University Hospital Limerick, and The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children.

>>> Open Letter with 109 Signatories       >>> Intersex Protests + Info ’53rd ESPE 2014′

Zwischengeschlecht.org on Facebook

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview  What is Intersex?  How Common are IGMs?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents 

Open Letter of Concern to ’53rd ESPE 2014′ + Irish DSD Universities and Children’s Clinics

StopIGM.org on Facebook>>> Fulltext with 109 Signatories        >>> Intersex Protests + Info ’53rd ESPE 2014′

[…] We’d like to respectfully remind you that such non-consensual procedures

     constitute fundamental human rights
      violations (see below),
  
  constitute violations of civil, criminal,
      constitutional and international law, [1]
  
  constitute violations of ethics
      principles and regulations, [2]
  
  have been criticised by survivors as
      harmful and mutilating for more than
      20 years. [3] […]

We therefore would like to reiterate our pleas to ESPE and its affiliates, including Irish Universities and Children’s Clinics,

  • to kindly reconsider non-consensual cosmetic treatments of children and adolescents with intersex variations (including hypospadias and CAH) unfortunately still advocated at the 53rd Annual Meeting in Dublin
  • to kindly reconsider the stigmatising nomenclature ‘Disorders of Sex Development’
  • to do so in consultation with intersex organisations
  • to acknowledge the harm and suffering inadvertently caused by non-consensual treatments of children and adolescents with intersex variations (including hypospadias and CAH)
  • to initiate a process of coming to terms with the past as a necessary first step towards reconciliation. […]

>>> Fulltext: Open Letter of Concern to ‘ESPE 2014’ with 109 Signatories